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Last Updated on July 24, 2025 by John Hookway
Music therapy for autistic people helps improve communication, social skills, emotional regulation, and sensory processing.
Researchers have found that group singing and playing instruments during music therapy for autistic people enhance abilities like taking turns and using body language.
Studies show that children experience significant improvements in talking and making friends after participating in music therapy for autistic people.
Sessions are tailored to each individual, and families often join to support progress at home. The table below summarizes the main findings:
| Domain | Evidence Summary | Statistical Data / Findings |
|---|---|---|
| Communication & Social Skills | Music therapy for autistic people helps kids talk and socialize better. | A review of 18 studies with 1,457 participants showed a strong effect on self-help skills: −2.14 (95% CI: −3.17, −1.10). There was considerable variation between studies (I²=80-90%). Therapy lasting at least 3 months supports language improvement. |
| Emotional Regulation & Anxiety Reduction | Music therapy for autistic people provides positive sensory experiences that reduce anxiety and stress. | Evidence indicates that rhythm, melody, and harmony activate the brain’s sensory areas, helping to reduce repetitive or aggressive behaviors. |
| Sensory Processing | Music therapy for autistic people uses sound to help individuals become more comfortable with different sensory experiences. | Reports show improved attention and sensory handling. Soft music benefits those highly sensitive to sound. |
| Self-Care Skills | Music therapy for autistic people supports learning self-care through rhythm and movement. | Evidence demonstrates improvements in grooming, dressing, and eating when music is used as motivation. |
What Is Music Therapy?
Music therapy is a real healthcare job. Certified clinicians use music to help people reach goals and feel better.
The American Music Therapy Association says music therapy uses music in a special way with a therapist. People might sing, make up songs, play music, or just listen.
Therapists plan each session for a person’s body, feelings, thinking, and social needs. This practice uses research and follows strict rules. Music therapy helps people of all ages, including kids and adults with autism.
Core Principles
Music therapy for autistic people follows some key ideas:
- Therapists build trust with music.
- Sessions let people make choices and lead.
- Music can be a way to talk without words.
- Therapists use improvising, singing, and games.
- Rhythm, melody, and timing help connect with people.
- Therapists change plans if needs change.
- Regular music routines help people feel safe.
- Families often join to help at home.
Music therapy uses the musical skills everyone has, even before they can talk.
How It Works
Music therapy wakes up many parts of the brain. When someone listens to or makes music, both sides of the brain work. These parts control moving, hearing, and feelings.
For autistic people, music therapy can help with talking and social skills. Singing and playing instruments help the brain copy others and understand people.
Rhythm activities help with movement, and melodies help with feelings. Doing these things over time makes brain parts work better together.
This helps with focus, memory, and handling feelings. Group sessions help with sharing and looking at others. Music therapy for autistic people uses these brain changes to help people grow in many ways.
| Approach | Focus | Example Activities |
|---|---|---|
| Improvisational Music Therapy | Builds talking through making up music | Copying music, paying attention together |
| Neurologic Music Therapy (NMT) | Helps with thinking, senses, and movement | Moving to beats, singing with tunes |
| Orff-Schulwerk Approach | Uses music and movement for many senses | Fun group lessons, acting, talking |
| Guided Music Listening | Helps people relax and handle feelings | Listening to calm music, using senses together |
Music Therapy for Autistic People
Individualized Approach
Music therapy for autistic people is very personal. Therapists get special training to help many different needs. Every person has their own strengths and challenges.
Some have trouble with language or thinking. Others have different sensory likes and dislikes. Therapists plan each session to fit the person.
Some kids need help talking. Others need help with too much noise or lights. Therapists use favorite songs to help kids feel happy and safe. They set clear goals, like better talking or showing feelings. Activities change if the child needs something new.
Research says music therapy works best when it matches the person. Some kids get much better at making friends. Others get better at handling feelings. This shows why each plan must be just right for each person.
Music therapy for autistic people does not take the place of other therapies. It works with them to help the person grow.
Interactive Activities
Interactive music activities are the main part of music therapy for autistic people. These include singing, playing instruments, moving, and making up songs.
Therapists lead most sessions, but kids can also choose what to do. This helps kids feel in charge and interested. Studies show both child-led and therapist-led music therapy help with talking and social skills. Making up music together helps kids connect with others.
Music therapy uses lessons that fit the child’s age to help with talking and moving. Many kids with autism like music, so these activities are fun. Interactive music helps kids pay attention, take turns, and play with others.
Kids also practice saying hello, looking at people, and sharing. Some studies say music therapy helps with moving and exercise too.
- Singing songs you know
- Playing drums or shakers
- Dancing or moving to music
- Making up new songs together
These activities give kids a safe place to share and make friends.
Parent and Child Involvement
Family members are very important in music therapy for autistic people. When parents join, they learn how to use music at home. Music activities give a safe and steady way for families to play together.
Studies show parents become more playful and caring during music time. This helps kids watch their parents more and act in friendly ways, like smiling and looking at them.
Family music therapy makes it easier to use music every day. This helps parents and kids feel closer. Therapists help families focus on being together, not just playing with toys. Every family is different, so therapists change their plans to fit each family.
Try singing or playing music at home to help your child grow and feel close to you.
Benefits
Communication
Verbal and Nonverbal
Music therapy helps autistic people talk and share in different ways. Therapists use singing, rhythm, and melody to help kids express themselves.
Children may find it easier to use gestures or faces during music time. They can also make sounds to show what they need or feel. These skills help them share even if they do not use words.
Music therapy also teaches kids how to notice when to start or stop talking. The sessions are safe and have clear rules. This helps kids practice without worrying about being judged.
| Benefit/Technique | Description | Communication-related Benefits for Autistic Individuals |
|---|---|---|
| Encourages verbal and nonverbal expression | Uses melody, lyrics, and rhythm to engage children | Helps children express themselves verbally and nonverbally, improving communication |
| Interpretation of social cues | Music therapy helps children interpret and respond to cues | Enhances understanding and response to social communication cues |
| Singing | Using voice to express thoughts and emotions | Improves speech clarity, confidence, and emotional expression |
| Social interaction skills | Activities promote turn-taking, teamwork, listening | Supports social communication by improving interaction skills in group settings |
| Safe and structured environment | Provides a non-judgmental, calming space | Facilitates learning and practicing communication skills without pressure |
| Integration with ABA therapy | Can be combined with ABA to support communication goals | Enhances overall communication and social skills development in autistic children |
Expressive Skills
Music therapy helps kids show their feelings and ideas. Children use their voices, bodies, and instruments to share happiness, sadness, or excitement.
Therapists ask kids to make up songs or rhythms. This helps them feel more sure about sharing thoughts.
These activities also help with clearer speech and better body language. Over time, kids get more comfortable showing how they feel in music and in daily life.
Social Skills
Turn-Taking
Turn-taking is a key social skill that can be hard for autistic kids. Music therapy uses group games, like drumming or singing, to teach this. Kids learn to wait, listen, and join in at the right time.
These games make learning turn-taking fun and easy. Research shows active music therapy, like Orff–Schulwerk, helps kids with nonverbal skills and social skills more than just listening. Kids keep getting better at turn-taking even after therapy ends.
Joint Attention
Joint attention means looking at the same thing as someone else. In music therapy, kids play instruments together or follow a leader.
They might sing together too. These activities help kids connect and share with others. Studies say music therapy helps with eye contact and working with parents. When families join music at home, kids get better at joint attention and social skills in a safe place.
Making music in a group helps kids feel close and build friendships that last after therapy.
Emotional Regulation
Managing Emotions
Many autistic people find it hard to understand and control feelings. Music therapy helps kids notice feelings in music and in themselves.
Therapists use songs and games to teach kids about emotions. A review of studies found music therapy helps with knowing feelings, talking with others, and acting in helpful ways. Kids who join music therapy often get better at handling strong feelings and staying calm.
Reducing Anxiety
Music therapy gives a calm and steady place for kids. The beat and order in music help lower stress and worry. In one study, teens with autism joined music sessions about feelings in music.
Afterward, they knew more about emotions and felt less anxious. Another program used piano with kids and saw better emotion skills and behavior.
These results show music therapy can help autistic people feel less anxious and support their emotional health.
Sensory Processing
Calming Input
Many autistic people have trouble with sensory processing. Everyday sounds, lights, or textures can feel too much. Music therapy gives a safe and nice way to try new sensory things.
Therapists use rhythm, melody, and harmony to make a calm space. This music can help relax the body and lower stress.
Music can wake up brain parts that handle feelings and rewards. When therapists play gentle rhythms and soft tunes, kids often feel calmer. A steady drumbeat or soft piano sound can slow breathing and heart rate. These changes help kids pay attention and join in activities.
Some kids like listening to calm music. Others like playing easy instruments or moving to music. These things help kids feel in control of their senses. Music therapy sessions often have routines so kids know what will happen. Patterns in music can make things feel safer and less confusing.
Therapists change the kind and loudness of music for each child’s needs.
Reducing Distress
Too much sensory input can upset autistic people. It can cause meltdowns or make them pull away. Music therapy tries to stop these problems by giving planned sensory experiences.
The therapist watches how each child reacts and changes the music if needed. This helps kids get used to new sounds and feelings slowly.
Research says music therapy can help with social, talking, and thinking skills when it fits the child. But studies about sensory-based therapies, like music therapy, do not always agree. Some show kids act better, but others do not find big changes compared to other treatments. Small study groups and different ways of doing therapy make it hard to know for sure.
Even with these problems, many therapists and families see good changes. Kids may seem less upset during daily tasks. They might want to try new things or stay in noisy places longer.
Over time, music therapy can help kids feel braver with new sensory input.
| Sensory Challenge | Music Therapy Strategy | Possible Outcome |
|---|---|---|
| Overreacting to sound | Use soft, predictable music | Calmer mood, less anxiety |
| Avoiding touch | Add gentle movement to music | Increased comfort with movement |
| Difficulty focusing | Use steady rhythms | Improved attention and engagement |
Families can play favorite songs at home to help kids relax when they feel stressed.
Research and Evidence
Key Studies
Scientists have looked at how music therapy helps people with autism. Some big studies did not find big changes in main autism symptoms when using music therapy instead of regular care.
But, small improvements were seen in things like wanting to be social and some autistic behaviors. These changes were stronger for people who also have intellectual disability.
Educational music therapy helped a little with language and talking, like learning new words and speaking better. Some studies said kids moved better and had better timing after music therapy.
When families joined in, the good effects were even stronger, especially for kids with intellectual disabilities.
| Domain / Outcome | Findings Summary | Notes / Details |
|---|---|---|
| Core ASD Symptoms | No big change in main results in large studies | No difference at 2, 5, 12 months between usual treatment and music therapy |
| SRS Subscales | Some better social motivation and fewer autistic mannerisms | Bigger changes for people with intellectual disability |
| Educational Music Therapy | Small good effects on language and talking | Better copying skills; mixed results on joint attention |
| Joint Attention | Results not clear and mostly not important | Hard to measure and not many good tools |
| Improvisational Music Therapy | Not much support overall; maybe helps people with ASD and ID | Good results linked to therapist and child working together |
| Motor Coordination and Timing | Good effects seen | Better movement and timing |
| Family Involvement | May help more for kids with ID | Thought to be helpful |
| Subjective Clinical Improvements | Some studies say better life and daily skills | Seen mostly in improvisational sessions for ASD and ID groups |
Effectiveness
Music therapy can help with some skills, but results are mixed. In one study, kids who got music therapy did better than those who only listened to music.
They had more energy and fewer repeated actions. But, when compared to other therapies, music therapy did not always help more with main autism symptoms.
About half the studies found good results, but others found mixed or no changes. The benefits may depend on what skill is being worked on, like talking or moving. Experts say music therapy works best when used with other care, not by itself.
| Aspect | Findings |
|---|---|
| Intervention | Improvisational music therapy vs. regular care |
| Primary Outcome | No big difference in main autism symptoms after 5 months |
| Secondary Outcomes | Most results not important; some small changes may be due to bias |
| Clinical Implication | Not clearly better than regular care for main symptoms |
| Therapeutic Potential | Shows promise, but results are not always the same |
| Research Status | Still being studied; more careful research needed |
| Participants | 36 children (music therapy group did better than music listening group) |
| Conclusion | Works better than just listening; good as an extra help |
Many studies have small groups and use different ways, so it is hard to compare results.
Scientists have found some problems in the research:
- Many studies have small groups, so results may not fit everyone.
- Studies often include kids of many ages, so results are less exact.
- Tools to measure progress may miss some changes in social skills.
- Different places use different therapy styles, so results are hard to match.
- There is not much information about long-term effects.
- More big and careful studies are needed to know if it really helps.
Safety
Music therapy seems safe for people with autism. Big reviews and studies did not find more bad side effects than regular care or fake treatment.
Most studies said there were no bad events during or after therapy. The proof is pretty good, so scientists feel okay about these results.
But, most studies only watched kids for a few months and focused on ages 2 to 12. There is not much information about safety for teens and adults or over a long time.
| Study/Source | Participants | Adverse Events Findings | Certainty of Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cochrane Review (multiple RCTs) | >1100 | No more bad events than fake or regular care | Moderate |
| Study 1 | 36 | No bad events reported | Moderate |
| Study 2 | 290 | No difference in bad events between music therapy and regular care | Moderate |
Families and therapists should still watch for any changes during therapy, especially when starting something new.
Methods
Techniques
Music therapy for autistic people uses a few main ways. Each way helps with different skills and goals.
Singing
Singing is a big part of music therapy. Therapists pick easy songs and simple tunes. Sometimes, they use call-and-response singing.
Singing helps people practice speech sounds and rhythm. It also helps with timing and sharing feelings. Many autistic people feel less stress when singing than talking.
Therapists use songs with clear patterns or repeated lines. This helps with memory and paying attention. Singing in a group helps people make friends and learn to take turns.
Instruments
Playing instruments lets people join in music with their hands. Therapists use drums, shakers, xylophones, or keyboards. Playing helps with moving skills and coordination.
It also helps with sensory processing. Drumming and piano help with rhythm and timing. Sometimes, people make up their own music.
This helps them be creative and show feelings. Therapists show how to play, then ask the person to try. This helps with copying and being social.
Movement
Moving to music means dancing, clapping, or swaying. These actions help people know their bodies better. They also help with planning how to move.
Therapists use movement games to teach following directions. Moving with music can help control energy and feelings. Some kids like moving to a steady beat.
This can help them feel calm or excited. Group movement games help kids learn to work together and build social skills.
Session Structure
Music therapy sessions for autistic people are flexible but organized. Sessions last from 20 to 50 minutes. They usually happen once a week. Therapists start by learning about each person’s strengths and interests.
Activities can include making up music, writing songs, singing, and playing instruments. Some parts let the child lead, while others are led by the therapist.
For example, the child may pick the first activity. Later, the therapist guides turn-taking or copying games. Therapists use things like rhythmic games and call-and-response.
Family members often join to help at home. Studies show this setup helps with talking, social skills, and handling feelings.
Having the same routine and clear changes helps autistic people feel safe and interested in sessions.
Adapting to Needs
Music therapists change each session to fit the person. They look for strengths, like good rhythm or memory for tunes. Therapists pick activities that match these skills. If a child likes rhythm, they may do more drumming. If another likes melody, they may sing more.
Therapists change the speed, loudness, and kind of music for each person. They also switch activities if someone feels upset or bored.
| Adaptation Aspect | Description | Supporting Evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Personalized Assessments | Therapists check strengths and challenges in talking, social skills, and feelings. | Ongoing checks help set therapy goals and ways to work. |
| Tailored Therapy Plans | Activities like making up music and rhythm games fit each person. | Studies show better talking and social skills with personal plans. |
| Flexible Methods | Therapists change activities during sessions to keep kids interested. | Research shows more motivation and skill growth in flexible settings. |
| Use of Musical Strengths | Therapists use strong rhythm or pitch to help learning. | Brain studies support rhythm and making up music as good ways to help. |
Music therapy works best when therapists change their plans for each person. This helps everyone get the most out of each session and supports real-life progress.
Incorporating Music Therapy
At Home
Families can use music therapy at home in easy ways. They can play music during daily routines. Personalized playlists help kids feel calm when they are stressed. Parents pick songs that fit their child’s mood or needs. Singing together helps kids use their voices and feel more confident.
Many families use simple instruments like tambourines or egg shakers. These tools help kids join in and show themselves.
Group music at home, like family sing-alongs or drumming, teaches teamwork and taking turns. When kids make up their own music, they can share feelings and ideas.
| Strategy/Activity | Description/Implementation at Home | Evidence of Effectiveness |
|---|---|---|
| Personalized Playlists | Pick music for mood or needs | Calming playlists help lower anxiety and help with emotions |
| Musical Instrument Play | Use easy instruments to join in | Helps with talking, joining in, and making sounds |
| Singing and Vocal Play | Try singing together | Helps with talking and starting to talk |
| Group Music Sessions | Do music activities as a group | Helps with social skills, teamwork, and looking at others |
| Creative Improvisation | Let kids make up music | Helps kids show feelings and lowers anxiety |
| Collaborative Multidisciplinary Approach | Use music with other therapies | Helps with joint attention, eye gaze, and talking skills |
Caregivers are very important in music therapy. When parents join music time, they often feel closer to their child. Talking gets better too.
Working with other helpers, like speech or occupational therapists, makes music therapy fit other goals. Checking how things are going helps keep music time fun and helpful.
Start with short, fun music times. Change things if your child needs something different.
With Professionals
Working with a certified music therapist has many good points. Therapists plan sessions for each person’s needs and strengths.
They use things like singing, making up music, playing instruments, and moving to music. These sessions help with social skills, like teamwork and taking turns.
Many people feel calmer and less worried after music therapy. Therapists also help with talking, both with and without words. They work on thinking skills, like memory and solving problems.
- Better social skills, like teamwork and looking at others
- More control over feelings and less stress
- Improved talking and sharing
- Better memory and focus
- Fun activities that help kids want to join in
Music therapy for autistic people needs special training. Therapists go to school, do practice work, and take tests. Many have certificates like MT-BC or CAS. These show they give safe and good care.
The cost and how to get music therapy can be different. Prices change based on time, place, and type of session. Families might pay themselves, use state help, or get grants. Some places let families try a session or help with money.
Professional music therapists work with families and other helpers to make the best plan for each person.
For Adults
There is not much research about music therapy for autistic adults. Most studies look at kids and young adults. For kids, music therapy often helps them do better, lowers symptoms, and makes life better.
For older adults, there is not enough proof to say it helps the same way. Still, many therapists change music activities for adults.
They focus on feelings, being social, and daily skills. Adults may like group music, writing songs, or playing instruments.
| Outcome Domain | Evidence for Children and Young Adults | Evidence for Older Autistic Adults |
|---|---|---|
| Global Improvement | Likely helps (moderate certainty) | No direct proof yet |
| Symptom Severity | Likely lowers symptoms (moderate certainty) | No direct proof yet |
| Quality of Life | Likely helps (moderate certainty) | No direct proof yet |
Therapists want adults to try music in ways they enjoy. Community music groups, online sessions, and playlists can help adults feel better. More studies are needed to know how music therapy helps autistic adults.
Music therapy helps autistic people do better in daily life. Studies show it can make autism symptoms better and improve life quality:
| Outcome | Effect/Result Summary |
|---|---|
| Global autism improvement | Symptoms got better after music therapy (RR=1.22) |
| Symptom severity | Symptoms got much less (SMD = -0.83) |
| Quality of life | Life got a little better (SMD = 0.28) |
Families can try singing, drumming, or music games at home. Seeing a certified therapist or using online help works too. Music therapy is safe, flexible, and gives hope for good changes.
FAQ
What is music therapy?
Music therapy uses music to help people get better at health, learning, and social skills. A trained therapist leads each meeting. People might sing, play instruments, or listen to music.
Who can benefit from music therapy?
Children and adults with autism can get help from music therapy. People of all ages and abilities often see better talking, social skills, and feelings.
How does music therapy help with communication?
Music therapy uses singing, rhythm, and instruments to help with speech and nonverbal skills. Many people find it easier to share their thoughts with music than with words.
Is music therapy safe for autistic people?
Studies show music therapy is safe for most autistic people. Therapists watch for any signs of stress or being upset. Families should tell the therapist if they have any worries.
How often should someone attend music therapy sessions?
Most people go to music therapy once a week. Some may go more or less, depending on their needs and goals. Therapists and families work together to pick the best schedule.
Can families use music therapy activities at home?
Yes! Families can sing, play instruments, or listen to music together. These activities help kids practice skills and feel closer to their family.
Do you need musical talent to join music therapy?
No musical talent is needed. Therapists make activities for everyone, no matter their skill. The main goal is to grow and have fun, not to be good at music.
How can someone find a certified music therapist?
Families can look on the American Music Therapy Association website or ask local clinics for help. Look for therapists with MT-BC or similar certificates.
